Glossary

A

ABSCESS
an infection of a tooth, soft tissue, or bone characterized by swelling and pain.

ABUTMENT
tooth or teeth on either side of a missing tooth.

ACRYLIC RESIN
the plastic widely used in dentistry.

ACTIVE ERUPTION
the emergence of the tooth from its position in the jaw.

ADHESION
the sticking together of unlike substances

ADA SEAL OF ACCEPTANCE
a designation awarded to products that have met American Dental Association's criteria for safety and effectiveness and whose packaging and advertising claims are scientifically supported.

ADJUSTMENT
modification made to a dental prosthesis after it has been completed and inserted into the mouth.

AEROBIC BACTERIA
bacteria which grow in oxygen rich environments; in the oral cavity the bacteria are found outside the sulcus.

AFFERENT
nerves that carry sensory messages toward the brain.

AGAR
a gelatin like substance obtained from seaweed; used in impression materials.

AIR ABRASION/MICRO ABRASION
a drill-free technique that treats the tooth surface with air and an abrasive. Sometimes used to avoid the need for an anesthetic. It can also be used to remove tooth decay, old composite restorations and superficial stains and discolorations, and prepare a tooth surface for bonding or sealants.

ALGINATE
an impression material used by dentists for making stone models.

ALVEOLAR BONE
the bone surrounding the root of the tooth, anchoring it in place; loss of this bone is typically associated with severe periodontal (gum) disease.

ALVEOLAR CREST
the highest portion of alveolar bone.

ALVEOLAR EMINENCE
outline of the root on the facet portion of the bone.

ALVEOLAR PROCESS
the portion of the mandible or maxilla that surrounds the root of a tooth.

ALVEOLECTOMY
an operation where portions of the alveolar bone are removed.

ALVEOLUS
the bony socket in which the root of the tooth sits.

AMALGAM or SILVER FILLING
a common filling material used to repair cavities. The material, also known as "silver fillings," contains mercury in combination with silver, tin, copper, and sometimes zinc.

ANAEROBIC BACTERIA
bacteria that do not need oxygen to grow; they are generally associated with periodontal disease (see below).

ANALGESIA
an agent for lessening pain; a state of pain relief.

ANESTHESIA
a type of medication that results in partial or complete elimination of the pain sensation;  it includes: local anesthesia - numbing a tooth; general anesthesia - produces partial or complete unconsciousness.

ANODONTIA
the developmental absence of teeth.

ANOMALY
a deviation from the normal or expected outcome.

ANTAGONIST
a structure that opposes or counteracts another structure.

ANTERIOR
situated in front of.

ANTERIOR TEETH
the front teeth (incisors and cupids).
antibiotic: a drug that stops or slows the growth of bacteria.

ANTISEPTIC
a chemical agent that can be applied to living tissues to destroy germs.

ANUG
Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis. An acute, painful condition characterized by severe gingival redness, spontaneous bleeding, foul breath and pain.

APEX
the tip of the root of a tooth.

APICAL FORAMEN
the opening at the end of the root of a tooth through which the tooth receives its nerve and blood supply.

APPLIANCE
any removable dental restoration or orthodontic device.

APPOSITION
the laying down of, or addition of.

ARCH - a curvature; both the maxillary and mandibular ridge form a horseshoe shaped arch.

ARTICULATING PAPER
carbon paper; placed between the upper and lower teeth to mark contact.

ARTICULATOR
a mechanical device used to replicate functional movements of the jaw to casts.

ASPIRATOR
The tube-like straw which the dentist place in your mouth for suction.

ASYMMETRY/ SYMMETRY
To be esthetic, tooth Size, shape and gum contour should be as close to identical from one side of the mouth to the other. Ideally, the incisal edges of your teeth should follow the contour of the upper lip.

ATTACHMENT LEVEL
a numerical measure of the amount of attachment of the periodontal ligament to a tooth; the number is generally determined by combining a pocket depth measurement with a measurement of gingival recession. Attachment level is considered one of the most important measures of periodontal disease progress or treatment success

ATTRITION
the wearing away of tooth structure through normal use (ie. chewing, biting, etc.).

AXON
the process that carries impulses away from the cell body of a nerve.




B

BABBY BOTTLE TOOTH DECAY
decay in infants and children, most often affecting the upper front teeth, caused by sweetened liquids given and left clinging to the teeth for long periods (for example, in feeding bottles or pacifiers). Also called early childhood carrie

BACK TEETH - see POSTERIOR TEETH

BICUSPIDS
or having two cusps. The first and second bicuspids; they are the fourth and fifth teeth from the center of the mouth to the back of the mouth. These are the back teeth that are used for chewing; they only have two points (cusps). Adults have eight bicuspids (also called premolars), two in front of each group of molars.

BIFURCATION
having two branches, or dividing into two parts.

BILATERAL
both sides.

BITE
relationship of the upper and lower teeth upon closure (occlusion).

BITEWING
a single X-ray that shows the upper and lower teeth's biting surfaces (from crown to about the level of the supporting bone) on the same film.

BLEACHING
cosmetic chemical or laser treatment of natural teeth that uses peroxide to produce the whitening effect.

BOLUS
chewed up mass of food and saliva.

BONDING
the covering of a tooth surface with a tooth-colored composite to repair and/or change the color or shape of a tooth, for instance, due to stain or damage.

BRIDGE
a fixed appliance (prosthesis) that replaces missing teeth. A bridge is a series of attached crowns (abutments and pontics).

BRUXISM
grinding or gnashing of the teeth, most commonly during sleep.

BUCCINATOR MUSCLE
the cheek muscle.



C


CALCIFICATION
the process of hardening through the deposition of lime salts.

CALCIUM
an element needed for the development of healthy teeth, bones, and nerves.

CALCULUS
hard, calcium-like deposits that form on teeth due to inadequate plaque control, often stained yellow or brown. Also called "tartar."

CANAL
the narrow chamber inside the root of a tooth that contains nerve tissue and blood vessels.

CANINES - See CUSPIDS; so named because the correspond to the long teeth of a dog.

CANKER SORE
sores or small shallow ulcers that appear in the mouth and often make eating and talking uncomfortable; they typically appear in people between the ages of 10 and 20 and last about a week in duration before disappearing.

CAP
common term for a dental crown.

CARIOGENIC
or cancer-causing

CARIES
medical term for decay; caused by decalcification of the enamel and disintegration of the dentin by acid producing bacteria - tooth decay or "cavities."

CARIOGENIC
or decay-causing

CARRIER
the party (usually an insurance company) that pays claims and collects premiums.

CARRYOVER
If the deductible was paid last year, the next year (or quarter, Jan., Feb. and March) they do not have to pay the deductible again.

CAST
reproduction of the mouth in stone or plaster.

CAVITY - see CARIES.

CEMENT
a dental material used to seal inlays, onlays, and crowns; also used for pupal protection.

CEMENTUM
hard tissue that covers the roots of teeth.

CENTRIC OCCLUSION
the relationship of the occlusal surfaces of one arch to those in the opposing arch at physical rest position.

CENTRIC RELATION
the relationship of the maxillary arch to the mandibular arch when the condyle is in its most retracted position.

CERVICAL
pertaining to the neck of a tooth.

CERVIX
the neck of the tooth; the area where the crown joins the root or the enamel joins the cementum.

CHEEK POUCH
the area of the mouth inside the cheek.

CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC
an agent of a chemical nature which exerts an antimicrobial effect.

CINGULUM
a raised area on the lingual surface of anterior teeth.

CLASP
device that holds a removable partial denture to stationary teeth.

CLEANING
removal of plaque and calculus (tarter) from teeth, generally above the gum line.

CLEFT LIP
a physical split or separation of the two sides of the upper lip that appears as a narrow opening or gap in the skin of the upper lip. This separation often extends beyond the base of the nose and includes the bones of the upper jaw and/or upper gum.

CLEFT PALATE
a split or opening in the roof of the mouth.

CLINICAL CROWN
that portion of the tooth visible in the mouth, extending from the occlusal or incisal edge to the crest of the free gingiva.

CLOSED PANEL
a plan where the covered patient only receives benefits if the services are provided by a dentist contracted with the plan's administrator.

COL - a "V-shaped depression in the facial-lingual interdental papilla located cervically to the contact area of the tooth.

COMMUNITION
crushing or grinding to a powder.

COMPLETE SERIES - See FULL-MOUTH X-RAYS.

COMPOSITE FILLING
tooth-colored restorative material composed of plastic with small glass or ceramic particles; usually "cured" or hardened with filtered light or chemical catalyst. An alternative to silver amalgam fillings.

CONCAVE
curving inward away from the viewer.

CONTACT AREA
that portion of the proximal surface of a tooth that touches the adjacent tooth.

CONVEX
curving outward toward the viewer.

COSMETIC (AESTHETIC) DENTISTRY
a branch of dentistry under which treatments are performed to enhance the color and shape of teeth.

CREST
a prominence or ridge.

CROSS CONTAMINATION
Passing disease indirectly from one patient to another through the use of improper sterilization procedures.

CROWN
full coverage for a tooth (used when the tooth cannot be restored by a filling).

CURETTAGE
the surgical scraping of bacteria from soft tissue. This is a periodontal procedure and is usually performed one quadrant at a time.

CUSPIDS
the third tooth from the center of the mouth to the back of the mouth. These are the front teeth that have one rounded or pointed edge used for biting. Also known as canines.

CUSPS
elevated points on the chewing surfaces of back teeth (posterior teeth).

CUSTOM TRAY
an individual tray; custom made to fit a patient's mouth.

CYST
an abnormal sac containing gas, fluid, or a semisolid material.



D


DEBRIDEMENT
treatment of a bacterial infection by removing irritants (bacteria, calculus) from the periodontal pocket so as to allow healing of adjacent tissues.

DECALCIFICATION
The loss of calcium from your teeth, weakening the teeth and making them more susceptible to decay

DECAY
destruction of tooth structure caused by toxins produced by bacteria.

DECIDUOUS TEETH
commonly called "baby teeth" or primary teeth; the first set of (usually) 20 teeth.

DEGLUTITION
swallowing.

DEMINERALIZATION
loss of mineral from tooth enamel just below the surface in a carious lesion; usually appearing as a white area on the tooth surface.

DENDRITE
the process that conducts impulses toward the cell body of a nerve.

DENTAL RESIN
a dental material applied to the tooth which is used in cases of severe dentinal hypersensitivity; usually not used unless all other treatment attempts have failed.

DENTAL VARNISH
a hypersensitivity treatment which sometimes contains sodium fluoride; applied to the tooth surface, covering the outer surface of dentin and thus blocking transmission of stimuli to the pulp.

DENTIN
the hard, yellowish inner layer of tooth structure, immediately under the surface enamel; it makes up the major bulk of the tooth.

DENTINAL TUBULES
microscopic canals that run from the outside of the dentin to the nerve inside the tooth.

DENTITION
the natural teeth as a unit.

DENTURE
a removable replacement of artificial teeth for missing natural teeth and surrounding tissues. Two types of dentures are available -- complete and partial. Complete dentures are used when all the teeth are missing, while partial dentures are used when some natural teeth remain.

DESENSITIZATION
the blocking of painful stimuli which cause dentinal hypersensitivity.

DESICCATE
to make dry; to remove all moisture.

DESQUAMATION
a peeling of gingival tissue; in cases of desquamative gingivitis, the tissues may appear smooth and shiny, with patches of bright red and gray. Surface tissue may peel away, exposing a raw, bleeding, painful surface.

DEVELOPMENTAL DEPRESSION
a concavity in a surface that formed while the tooth was developing.

DIAGNOSIS
the process of identifying the nature of a disorder.

DIAGNOSTIC
procedures performed by the dentist to identify what's going on in the mouth.

DIASTEMA
a space between the teeth.

DILACERATION
an abnormal tooth that where both the crown and the root are twisted.

DIPHYODONT
having two successive sets of teeth.

DIRECT CONTAMINATION
Direct contact with impurities or germs.

DISINFECTION
A cleaning process which destroys the majority of microorganism, but not highly resistant forms such as bacterial and mycotic spores.

DISINFECTANT
A chemical agent which is applied onto inanimate surfaces to destroy germs.

DISPOSABLE MATERIALS
materials intended for one-use and discarded. (e.g.: Gloves, paper gowns, cotton rolls, etc.)

DISTAL
the surface of the tooth farthest from the midline of the dental arch.

DIVERGENT
spread.

DRY MOUTH
a condition in which the flow of saliva is reduced and there is not enough saliva to keep the mouth moist. Dry mouth can be the result of certain medications (such as antihistamines and decongestants), certain diseases (such as Sjögren's syndrome, HIV/AIDS, Alzheimer's disease, diabetes), certain medical treatments (such as head and neck radiation), as well as nerve damage, dehydration, tobacco use, and surgical removal of the salivary glands. Also called xerostomia.

DRY SOCKET
a common complication that occurs when either a blood clot has failed to form in an extracted tooth socket or else the blood clot that did form has been dislodged.



E

EDEMA
swelling resulting from fluid accumulation in gingival tissues.

EDENTULOUS
having no teeth.

EFFERENT
the nerves that carry motor messages away from the brain.

EMBRASURE
the space between two teeth created by the sloping away of the mesial and distal surfaces.

EMINENCE
a prominence.

EMPRESS
type of porcelain crown and porcelain veneer/laminate. The advantage Empress is that it blends very nicely with the surrounding teeth; it is very esthetic.

ENAMEL
he hard, mineralized material that covers the outside portion of the tooth that lies above the gum line (the crown); composed of 95% calcium hydroxyapatite.

ENDODONTICS (ENDO)
a field of dentistry concerned with the biology and pathology of the dental pulp and root tissues of the tooth and with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases and injuries of these tissues. A root canal is a commonly performed endodontic procedure.

EROSION
The dissolution of tooth structure due to the presence of gastric juices or citrus. Erosion seldom occurs alone; it is often accompanied by attrition or abrasion (or both) to varying degrees. Acidic foods, such as citrus fruits and juices should be avoid in patients with signs of erosion.

ERUPTION
the emergence of the tooth from its position in the jaw.

EXFOLIATE
to shed.

EXPLORER
a probe used to detect cavity growth.

EXTERNAL
on the outer surface.

EXTRACTION
the removal of teeth.

EXTRAORAL
Outside the mouth.



F

FACIAL
the surface next to the face; the outer surface of a tooth resting against the cheeks or lips.

FILLING
restoration of lost tooth structure with metal, porcelain, or resin materials.

FILTRUM
the dimple or indentation under the nose directly above the upper lip.

FISSURE
cleft-like grooves in the chewing surface of the back teeth.

FISTULA
channel emanating pus from an infection site; a gum boil.

FLAP SURGERY
lifting of gum tissue to expose and clean underlying tooth and bone structures.

FLOSSING
a thread-like material used to clean between the contact areas of teeth; part of a good daily oral hygiene plan.

FLUORIDE
mineral that helps strengthen teeth enamel making teeth less susceptible to decay. Fluoride is ingested through food or water, is available in most toothpastes, or can be applied as a gel or liquid to the surface of teeth by a dentist.

FLUOROSIS
discoloration of the enamel due to excessive fluoride absorption (greater than one 1 part per million) into the bloodstream, also called enamel mottling.

FORAMEN
an opening in bone.

FORNEX
vault or arch shaped.

FOSSA
a shallow depression on the lingual (tongue) surfaces of some front teeth.

FREE GINGIVA
the marginal part of the gingival (gums) that can be deflected from the tooth surface; it forms a collar around the tooth.

FRENUM
a fold of mucous membrane that connects two parts.

FULL MOUTH X-RAYS
X-rays showing all the teeth also known as a complete series.

FURCATION
an area where the root divides.

FURROW
a groove.



G

GALVANIC CURRENT
a current of electricity produced by chemical action between two metals suspended in liquid.

GENERAL ANESTHESIA
relieves the sensation of pain.

GENERAL DENTIST
the primary care dental provider. This dentist diagnoses, treats, and manages overall oral health care needs, including gum care, root canals, fillings, crowns, veneers, bridges, and preventive education.

GERIATRIC DENTIST
general dentist who primarily treats senior citizens.

GINGIVA
the soft tissue that surrounds the base of the teeth; the pink tissue around the teeth also known as the gums.

GINGIVAL CREST
the prominent edge of occlusal or incisal gingiva.

GINGIVAL HYPERTROPHY
The abnormal enlargement of the gingiva surrounding the teeth caused by poor oral hygiene or the use of certain medications.

GINGIVECTOMY
the removal of soft tissue surrounding the tooth; typically used in the treatment of periodontal disease.

GINGIVITIS
inflamed, swollen, and reddish gum tissue that may bleed easily when touched or brushed. It is the first step in a series of events that begins with plaque build up in the mouth and may end -- if not properly treated -- with periodontitis and tooth loss due to destruction of the tissue that surrounds and supports the teeth.

GINGIVOPLASTY
a procedure performed by periodontists to reshape the gum tissue.

GOLD FILLINGS
an alternative to silver amalgam fillings.

GOLDON PROPORTION
The guidelines which dentists use in determining the most esthetic appearance of a particular tooth (teeth need to maintain a certain height to width ratio to look their best.)

GROOVE
a long, narrow depression.

GUM RECESSION
exposure of dental roots due to shrinkage of the gums as a result of abrasion, periodontal disease, or surgery.

GUTTA PERCHA
material used in the filling of root canals.



H

HALITOSIS
bad breath of oral or gastrointestinal origin.

HANDPIECE
the instrument used to hold and revolve burs in dental operations.

HARD PALATE
the bony front portion of the roof of the mouth.

HEAT-STERILIZING
Use of an autoclave or dry-heat sterilizer to kill all potential disease-causing agents that remain following patient treatment. Any instruments that is not heat stable and cannot tolerate high temperatures should be thoroughly cleaned and soaked in disinfectant chemicals.

HETERODONT
different types of teeth within the same dentition (ie. incisors, canines, molars).

HISTO-DIFFERENTIATION
development into a specialized tissue.

HISTOLOGY
the study of tissues.

HOMODONT
the presence of only one type of tooth in the dentition.

HYGIENIST
a licensed, auxiliary dental professional who is both an oral health educator and clinician who uses preventive, therapeutic, and educational methods to control oral disease.

HYPERPLASIA
over-growth of a part; an increase in the number of cells.

HYPERSENSITIVITY
a sharp, sudden painful reaction in teeth when exposed to hot, cold, sweet, sour, salty, chemical, or mechanical stimuli.



I

IDEAL OCCLUSION
a complete harmonious relationship of the teeth and masticatory system.

IMMEDIATE DENTURE
a complete or partial denture that is made in advance and can be positioned as soon as the natural teeth are removed.

IMPACTED TOOTH
a tooth that is partially or completely blocked from erupting through the surface of the gum. An impacted tooth may push other teeth together or damage the bony structures supporting the adjacent tooth. Often times, impacted teeth must be surgically removed.

IMPACTION
an unerupted or partially erupted tooth that will not fully erupt into the mouth because of an obstruction.

IMPLANT
a metal rod (usually made of titanium) that is surgically placed into the upper or lower jawbone where a tooth is missing; it serves as the tooth root and anchor for the crown, bridge, or denture that is placed over it.

IMPRESSION
mold made of the teeth and soft tissues.

IMPRESSION TRAY
formed in the general shape of the mouth, used for taking impressions.

INCISION AND DRAINAGE
surgical incision of an abscess to drain pus.

INCISORS
four upper and four lower front teeth, excluding the cuspids (canine teeth). These teeth are used primarily for biting and cutting.

INLAY
a gold, porcelain, or composite custom-made filling cemented into the tooth. If it covers the tips of the teeth, it is called an only. Similar to a filling but the entire work lies within the cusps (bumps) on the chewing surface of the tooth.

INCISAL EDGE
the cutting edge, ridge, or surface of anterior teeth.

INSERTION
the movable end of a muscle.

INTERCUSPATION
interlocking; a cusp-to-fossa relationship of the maxillary to mandibular teeth.

INTERPROXIMAL
the space between two adjacent surfaces.

IINTRAORAL
Inside your mouth.

INVAGINATION
to enclose within.

IONTOPHOR
the process of introducing a drug through the dental enamel by use of an electrical current; often used in the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity.

IRRIGATION
the technique of using a solution to wash out your mouth.




J

JAW - a common name for the maxilla or mandible.

JAWBONE
The hard bone that supports the face and includes alveolar bone, which anchors the teeth.



K

No terms Available



L

LABIAL
relating to the lip; another name for the facial surface of anterior teeth (next to the lip).

LAMINATE VENEER
a porcelain, or composite covering which is bonded to restore discolored, or damaged teeth.

LATERA L
to the side.

LEAST COST ALTERNATIVE
an insurance policy clause that allows the insuring company to pay for the least expensive treatment.

LESION
any wound or local degeneration.

LEUKOPLAKIA
a white or gray patch that develops on the tongue or the inside of the cheek. It is the mouth's reaction to chronic irritation of the mucous membranes of the mouth.

LINGUAL
the surface of a tooth nearest the tongue; relating to the tongue.

LOBE
center of tooth formation.

LOCAL ANESTHESIA
relieves the sensation of pain in a localized area.



M


MALOCCLUSION
"bad bite" or misalignment of the teeth or jaws, any deviation from the ideal positioning of the teeth or jaws.

MAMELON
small elevations of enamel present on the incisors as they erupt.

MANDIBLE
the lower jaw.

MARYLAND BRIDGE
A type of Bonded Bridge. Its main difference from conventional bridges is in the reduced amount of abutment preparation necessary. Only the lingual surfaces of the abutments are reduced.

MASTICATION
chewing.

MASTICATORY SYSTEM
the teeth and surrounding structures: jaws, temporomandibular joint, muscles, lips, and tongue.

MAXILLAE
the upper jaw.

MEDIAL
relating to the middle or medial plane.

MENTAL
relating to the chin.

MERCURY
a metal, component of amalgam fillings.

MESIAL
is the surface of the tooth nearest the midline of the dental arch.

MICRO ABRASION
a drill-free technique using an instrument resembling a tiny sand blaster that delivers tiny aluminum oxide particles to the surface of teeth.

MIDLINE
imaginary line through the middle of an object which divides it into two equal parts.

MIXED DENTITION
The developmental stage when both deciduous and permanent teeth are present.

MOLARS
three back teeth in each dental quadrant used for grinding food.

MOUTHGUARD
a soft-fitted device worn over the teeth which protects teeth against impact or injury.

MUCOSA
the thin, outer pink or red membrane lining the inside of the oral cavity.

MUSCLE RELAXANT
a type of medication often prescribed to reduce stress.




N

NASAL
relating to the nose.

NERVE
tissue that conveys sensation, temperature, and position information to the brain.

NERVE (ROOT) CANAL
dental pulp; the internal chamber of a tooth where the nerves and blood vessels pass.

NEURON
a nerve cell.

NEOPLASM
a proliferation of cells interfering with surrounding tissues; refers to cancer.

NICOTINE PATCHES
typically worn for 24 hours over several weeks, supplying a steady flow of nicotine. The main brands include: Habitrol, Nicoderm, Nicotrol and Prostep. Over the course of treatment the amount of nicotine in the patch gradually decreases. Studies have shown that this method has approximately a 25 % success rate.

NIGHTGUARD
a removable acrylic appliance to minimize the effects of grinding (bruxism) and TMJ associated problems.  Fits over the upper and lower teeth used to prevent wear and temporomandibular damage caused by grinding or gnashing of the teeth during sleep.

NITROUS OXIDE
a gas (also called laughing gas) used to reduce patient anxiety.

NSAID
a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, often used as a dental analgesic.




O

OBLIQUE RIDGE
a linear elevation that transverses a surface.

OCCLUDE
to bring together.

OCCLUSAL
relating to the biting surface of teeth.

OCCLUSAL EQUILIBRATION
process of refining and perfecting the occlusion.

OCCLUSAL GUARD - see NIGHTGUARD.

OCCLUSAL PLANE
The imaginary surface on which upper and lower teeth meet.

OCCLUSAL TRAUMA - results from excessive force placed on a normal dentition, i.e. grinding and clenching of teeth. If left uncontrolled, occlusal trauma may result in rapid attachment loss and bone destruction.

OCCLUSION
the relationship of the upper and lower teeth when the mouth is closed.

ONLAY
a type of restoration (filling) made of metal, porcelain, or acrylic that is more extensive than an inlay in that it covers one or more cusps. Onlays are sometimes called partial crowns

OPAQUING
covering the metal work of a prosthesis with a material so that it doesn't show through.

OPEN BITE
increased distance between the two arches; space between the front upper and lower teeth when the back teeth are touching.

ORAL CAVITY
the mouth.

ORAL HYGIENE
process of maintaining cleanliness of the teeth and related structures

ORAL SURGERY (O.S.)
surgery of the mouth.

ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGEON
treats and surgically corrects diseases, injuries and defects of the mouth and jaws.

ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY
surgical procedures on the mouth including extractions, removal of cysts or tumors, and repair of fractured jaws.

ORAL PATHOLOGIST
examines oral tissues for evidence of suspected abnormalities such as cancer.

ORIGIN
the fixed end of a muscle.

ORTHODONTICS
dental specialty that using braces, retainers, and other dental devices to treat misalignment of teeth, restoring them to proper functioning.

ORTHODONTIST
designs and applies corrective and supportive appliances, braces, to realign crooked teeth.

OSTEOBLASTS
Cells which aid in the growth and development of teeth and bones.

OSTEOCLASTS
Cells which help remodel bone.

OVERBITE
an excessive protrusion of the upper jaw resulting in a vertical overlap of the front teeth.

OVERJET
an excessive protrusion of the upper jaw resulting in a horizontal overlap of the front teeth.

OVERDENTURE
denture that fits over residual roots or dental implants.




P

P.A. - see PERIAPICAL.

PALATE - hard and soft tissue forming the roof of the mouth.

PALATAL SURFACE
the surface of the maxillary teeth nearest the palate.

PALMER'S NOTATION- An identification system for teeth; widely used to designate individual teeth amongst orthodontists.

PANOREX
panoramic X-ray: a type of X-ray that shows a complete two dimensional representation of all the teeth in the mouth. This X-rays also shows the relationship of the teeth to the jaws and the jaws to the head.

PARTIAL DENTURE
a removable appliance that replaces some of the teeth in either the upper or lower jaw.

PASSIVE ERUPTION
describes the process by which teeth continue to erupt into the mouth as tooth structure is lost to attrition and wear.

PATHOGENS
Disease producing organism

PATHOLOGY
The study of abnormal (diseased) tissue conditions.

PEDODONTICS (PEDO)
dental specialty focusing on treatment of infants, children, and young adults.

PELLICLE
the first step in plaque formation; a clear, thin covering containing proteins and lipids (fats) found in saliva. It is formed within seconds after a tooth surface is cleaned.

PERIAPICAL
an x-ray that shows the whole tooth, also known as a single film or P.A.

PERIAPICAL ABSCESS
infection of the pulp of the tooth and tissues surrounding the base of the tooth.

PERICORONITIS
infection of the tissue overlying a partially erupted tooth. Treatment involves keeping this tissue clean and free of bacteria.

PERIODONTAL CHARTING
measures the pocket depth resulting from attachment loss between the gums and teeth.

PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT
the connective tissue that surrounds the tooth (specifically covering the cementum) and connects the tooth to the jawbone, holding it in place.

PERIODONTAL MAINTENANCE
cleaning of the teeth following periodontal treatment, includes perio charting.

PERIODONTAL POCKET
the pocket that forms when the gums lose attachment from the teeth.

PERIODONTAL PROBE
a dental instrument used to measure pocket depth.

PERIODONTAL PROPHY
see Periodontal Maintenance.

PERIODONTAL RECALL
see Periodontal Maintenance.

PERIODONTICS (PERIO)
the treatment of diseases of the gum.

PERIODONTIST
the dental specialist who specializes in diagnosing, treating, and preventing diseases of the soft tissues of the mouth (the gums) and the supporting structures (bones) of the teeth (both natural and man-made teeth).

PERIODONTITIS
a more advanced stage of periodontal disease in which the inner layer of the gum and bone pull away from the teeth and form pockets and alveolar bone is destroyed.

PERIODONTIUM
the tissue that lines the socket into which the root of the tooth fits.

PERMANENT DENTITION - see PERMANENT TEETH.

PERMANENT TEETH
the teeth that replace the deciduous or primary teeth -- also called baby teeth. There are (usually) 32 adult teeth in a complete dentition.

PIT
a pinpoint depression in the occlusal surface on a tooth.

PLAQUE
a colorless, sticky film composed of undigested food particles mixed with saliva and bacteria that constantly forms on the teeth. Plaque left alone eventually turns in to tartar or calculus and is the main factor in causing dental caries and periodontal disease.

PLASTER OF PARIS
gypsum, used to make models of teeth.

POLISHING - a dental procedure that removes stain, plaque and acquired pellicle by using an abrasive polishing paste in a rubber cup attached to a slow-speed handpiece.

POLYPHYODONT
possessing several sets of teeth during a lifespan.

PONTIC
a replacement tooth mounted on a fixed or removal appliance.

PORCELAIN
a tooth-colored sand like material; much like enamel in appearance.

PORCELAIN CROWN
all porcelain restoration covering the coronal portion of tooth (above the gum line).

PORCELAIN FUSED TO METAL (PFM) CROWN
restoration with metal caping (for strength) covered by porcelain (for appearance).

PORCELAIN INLAY OR ONLAY
tooth-colored restoration made of porcelain, cemented or bonded in place.

PORCELAIN VENEER
ultra-thin shells of ceramic material bonded to the front of the tooth.

POST
thin metal rod inserted into the root of a tooth after root canal therapy; provides retention for a capping that replaces lost tooth structure.

POSTERIOR TEETH
the back teeth (Bicuspids and molars).

POSTPALATAL SEAL
an elevation of material on the back (tissue side) of a denture; for the purpose of sealing the denture.

PPO - see PREFERRED PROVIDER ORGANIZATION.

PREGNANCY GINGIVITIS
gingivitis that develops during pregnancy. The hormonal changes that occur during pregnancy -- especially the increased level of progesterone -- may make it easier for certain gingivitis-causing bacteria to grow as well as make gum tissue more sensitive to plaque and exaggerate the body's response to the toxins (poisons) that result from plaque.

PREGNANCY TUMORS
an extreme inflammatory reaction to a local irritation (such as food particles or plaque) that occurs in up to 10% of pregnant women and often in women who also have pregnancy gingivitis. Pregnancy tumors appear on inflamed gum tissue as large lumps with deep red pinpoint markings on it, usually near the upper gum line. The red lump glistens, may bleed and crust over, and can make eating and speaking difficult and cause discomfort.

PREMOLARS
two-cusped teeth immediately in front of molars.

PREVENTIVE
a procedure performed to aid in preventing decay and/ or gum disease.

PRIMARY TEETH
the first set of 20 temporary teeth. Also called baby teeth, the primary dentition, or deciduous teeth, normally fall out one by one between 6 and 12 years of age.

PRIMATE SPACING
the normal spacing between primary anterior teeth.

PROCERA
Procera is a type of Porcelain Crown. They are one of the strongest all-porcelain crowns available. Procera's framework is computer generated; porcelain is then added to the structure.

PROPHY - see PROPHYLAXIS.

PROPHYLAXIS
the cleaning of the teeth for the prevention of periodontal disease and tooth decay.

PROSTHETICS
a fixed or removable appliance used to replace missing teeth (for example, bridges, partials, and dentures).

PROSTHODONTIST
a dental specialist who is skilled in restoring or replacing teeth with fixed or removable prostheses (appliances), maintaining proper occlusion; treats facial deformities with artificial prostheses such as eyes, ears, and noses.

PROXIMAL
nearest the point of attachment; the mesial or distal surface of the tooth.

PROXIMAL SURFACE
the surface of the tooth adjacent to the next tooth; refers to the mesial and distal surfaces.

PULP
the living part of the tooth, located inside the dentin. Pulp contains the nerve tissue and blood vessels that supply nutrients to the tooth.

PULP CANAL
the portion of the pulp in the root.

PULP CHAMBER
the portion of the pulp in the crown of the tooth.

PULP HORN
the portion of the pulp chamber that extends towards the cusp.

PULP TISSUE
the soft (not calcified) tissue in the pulp chamber; composed of blood vessels and nerves.



Q

QUADRANT
denotes one of four equal sections in the mouth. The upper right, upper left, lower right or the lower left.



R

RADIOGRAPHIC
referring to x-rays.

RADIOSURGERY
surgical technique that uses radio waves to produce a pressureless, bloodless incision.

RADIO WAVE THERAPY
a therapy involving the use of low level electrical stimulation to increase blood flow and provide pain relief. In dentistry, this is one type of therapy that can be applied to the joint of individuals with temporomandibular disorder.

RAPHE
a union of soft tissue.

RCT - see ROOT CANAL THERAPY.

REBASE
process where only the tissue surface of a denture is replaced by new material.

RECONTOURING
a procedure in which small amounts of tooth enamel are removed to change a tooth's length, shape, or surface. Also called odontoplasty, enameloplasty, stripping, or slenderizing.

REMINERALIZATION
redeposition or replacement of the tooth's minerals into a demineralized (previously decayed) lesion. This reverses the decay process, and is enhanced by the presence of topical fluoride.

RESIN FILLING - see COMPOSITE FILLING.

RESORB
to dissolve into the tissue.

RESTORATIONS
any replacement for lost tooth structure or teeth; for example, bridges, dentures, fillings, crowns, and implants.

RESTORATIVE DENTISTRY
process of restoring missing, damaged or diseased teeth to normal form and function.

RETAINER
a removable appliance used to maintain teeth in a given position (usually worn at night).

RIDGE
a linear elevation.

ROOT
tooth structure that connects the tooth to the jaw.

ROOT CANAL THERAPY (RCT)
procedure used to save an abscessed tooth in which the pulp chamber is cleaned out, disinfected, and filled with a permanent filling.

ROOT PLANING
the removal of hard deposits from the root surface below the gumline.

ROOT TRUNK
that portion of the root that is not bifurcated or trifurcated.

RUBBER DAM
soft latex or vinyl sheet used to establish isolation of one or more teeth from contamination by oral fluids and to keep materials from falling to the back of the throat.

RUGAE
elevated folds or wrinkles of soft tissue in the front part of the palate.

RVS - see RELATIVE VALUE SCHEDULE.



S

SALIVA
clear lubricating fluid in the mouth containing water, enzymes, bacteria, mucus, viruses, blood cells and undigested food particles.

SALIVARY GLANDS
glands located under tongue and in cheeks that produce saliva.

SAGITTAL PLANE
An imaginary longitudinal vertical plane that divides the mouth into two halves (left and right.)

SCALING AND ROOT PLANING
a deep-cleaning, nonsurgical procedure whereby plaque and tartar from above and below the gum line are scraped away (scaling) and rough spots on the tooth root are made smooth (planing).

SEALANTS
a thin, clear or white resin substance that is applied to the biting surfaces of teeth to prevent decay.

SEDATIVE
a type of medication used to reduce pain and anxiety, and create a state of relaxation.

SINGLE FILM - see PERIAPICAL.

SLOUGHING
a condition in which the gingival tissue deadens and peels away from the living tissue.

SOCKET
a cavity in the bone, see ALVEOLUS.

SOFT PALATE
the back one-third of the roof of the mouth composed of soft tissue.

SOMATIC
nerves that supply muscles.

SONICARE
electric toothbrush. Vibrates at over 31,000 brush strokes per minute. Most models offer a 3 - minute timer to let you know when you're done.

SPACE MAINTAINERr
dental device that holds the space lost through premature loss of baby teeth.

SPILLWAY - see EMBRASURE.

STAIN, EXTRINSIC
stain located on the outside of the tooth surface originating from external substances such as tobacco, coffee, tea or food; usually removed by polishing the teeth with an abrasive prophylaxis paste.

STAIN, INTRINSIC
stain originating from the ingestion of certain materials or chemical substances during tooth development, or from the presence of caries. This stain is permanent and cannot be removed.

STOMATITIS
an inflammation of the tissue underlying a denture. Ill-fitting dentures, poor dental hygiene, or a buildup of the fungus Candida albicans cause the condition.

SUBMUCOSA
the layer of tissue under the mucous membrane.

SUCCEDANEOUS
a tooth that replaces or succeeds another.

SULCUS
a broad depression on the chewing surfaces of your back teeth.

SUPERGINGIVAL
the area above the gingival margin.

SUPERNUMERARY TEETH
Extra teeth, in addition to the development of the normal 32.

SURGICAL TEMPLATE
a clear tray used in immediate denture fabrication.

SUTURE
a joining of two bones, also stitxhes.



T

TARTAR
term for dental calculus, a hard deposit that adheres to teeth; produces rough surface that attracts plaque.

TEETHING
baby teeth pushing through gums.

TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT (TMJ)
temporo (temporal bone), mandibular (lower jaw). This is the connecting hinge between the lower jaw and base of the skull. Also known as T.M.J.. T.M.J. treatment is sometimes paid under medical.

TERMINAL MESIAL STEP
the position of a vertical plane along the distal surfaces when the deciduous second molars are in Class I position.

TERMINAL PLANE
the distal surfaces of the maxillary and mandibular deciduous second molars that are on the same line or plane.

THIRD MOLAR - see WISDOM TOOTH.

THRUSH
an infection in the mouth caused by the fungus Candida.

TMD
temporomandibular disorder; a problem with the joint that connects the lower jaw with the skull. Typically associated with a pop and pain in the joint.

TOOTH WHITENING
a chemical or laser process to lighten the color of teeth.

TOPICAL
applied directly to an infected area for treatment.

TOPICAL ANESTHETIC
ointment that produces mild anesthesia when applied to a soft tissue surface.

TRANSCUTANEOUS ELECTRICAL NERVE STIMULATION (TENS)
a therapy that uses low-level electrical currents to provide pain relief. In dentistry, TENS is one type of therapy that can be used to relax the jaw joint and facial muscles.

TRANSPALANT
placing a natural tooth in the empty socket of another tooth.

TRAUMA
injury caused by external force, chemical, temperature extremes, or poor tooth alignment.

TRANSVERSE RIDGE
a linear elevation that crosses a surface (usually the occlusal surface).

TRIANGULAR RIDGE
a linear elevation that forms a triangle.

TRIFURCATION
forked or divided into three parts.

TRIGGER-POINT INJECTIONS
a method of relieving pain whereby pain medication or anesthesia is injected into tender muscles called "trigger points." In dentistry, this is can be used in individuals with temporomandibular disorders.

TUBERCLE
a small, rounded projection.

TUBEROSITY
a large, rounded projection.



U

ULTRASONIC
the conversion of high frequency electrical current into mechanical vibrations.

ULTRASOUND
a treatment in which deep heat is applied to an affected area to relieve soreness or improve mobility. In dentistry, ultrasound can be used to treat temporomandibular disorders.

UNDERBITE
when the lower jaw protrudes forward causing the lower jaw and teeth to extend out beyond the upper teeth.

UNERUPTED TOOTH
a tooth that has not pushed through the gum and assumed its correct position in the dental arch.

UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS
These precautions require all dental staff involved in patient care to use appropriate protective wear, such as gloves, masks and eyewear. After each patient visit, the gloves must be discarded, hands washed and a new pair of gloves donned for the next patient. These precautions are considered universal because they are used for each and every patient to prevent the transmission of infectious diseases.


V

VENEER
a thin, custom-made shell of tooth-colored plastic or porcelain that are bonded directly to the front side of natural teeth to improve their appearance -- for example, to replace lost tooth structure, close spaces, straighten teeth, or change color and/or shape.

VENTRAL
the underside, used when speaking of the tongue; thus the ventral surface of the tongue is the underside of the tongue.

VIRGIN TEETH
teeth that are free from decay or restorations.



W

WAIVER OF DEDUCTIBLE
under some policies certain procedures are excluded from the deductible.

WISDOM TEETTH
third (last) molars that usually erupt at age 18-25.



X

XEROSTOMIA
dry mouth or decrease in the production of saliva.

X-RAYS
high frequency light (or radiation) that penetrates different substances with different rates and absorption. In dentistry, there are typically four types of X-rays: periapical, bite-wing, occlusal, and panoramic.